Everything about Abstain totally explained
Abstention is a term in
election procedure for when a participant in a vote either doesn't go to vote (on election day) or, in
parliamentary procedure, is present during the vote, but doesn't cast a ballot. Abstention must be contrasted with "
blank vote", in which a participant in a vote cast a deliberately unlegitimate vote (drawing pictures on the ballot, etc.) or in which he simply casts a blank vote: a "blank (or white) voter" has voted, although his vote may be considered a
spoilt vote, depending on each legislation, while an abstentionnist hasn't voted. Both forms (abstention and blank vote) may or may not, depending on the circumstances, be considered as
protest vote.
An abstention may be used to indicate the voting individual's ambivalence about the measure, or mild disapproval that doesn't rise to the level of active opposition. A person may also abstain when they don't feel adequately informed about the issue at hand, or hasn't participated in relevant discussion. In parliamentary procedure, a member may be required to abstain in the case of a real or perceived
conflict of interest.
Abstentions don't count in tallying the vote; when members abstain, they're in effect only attending the meeting to aid in constituting a quorum. White votes, however, may be counted in the total of votes, depending on the legislation. In some countries, some activist groups advocates the counting of white votes and plain abstentions in the total result of vote as a way of displaying the percentage of people opposed to all parliamentary options.
A specific case: the 2002 French presidential election
During the second round of the 2002 French presidential election,
French citizens had four possible options, since the election opposed
Jacques Chirac, leader of the
right-wing UMP to
Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader of the
far-right National Front — the
left-wing, usually represented by the three main parties
Socialist Party,
Communist Party and
Greens, were beaten in the first turn by Chirac and Le Pen. Citizens could
- either vote for Chirac, as Chirac's party and most of the left-wing parties called for (republican reflex against the overthrow of the Republic, observed in most political crisis in France since the founding of the Third Republic) (this is what 82.21% of the people who voted a legitimate vote — for example not counting abstention nor white votes — did);
- vote for Le Pen, as his followers called for or as some rare advocates of the politique du pire, or "politics of the worst option possible", called for, hoping this would lead to a serious political crisis (17,79% of the people who voted a legitimate vote chose Le Pen);
- true abstention (not going to vote, which 20.29% of the people did);
- blank vote (going to vote but deliberately sending a blank ballot or a ballot with drawings, graffiti, etc., or for neither Chirac nor Le Pen, etc.: 5.39% of the people who cast a ballot did this).
Thus, during the two turns of the election, some left-wing radicals had called for a massive abstention or/and a massive white votes: instead of giving 82,21% to Chirac against 17,79% to Le Pen at the second turn, they'd have rather counted a mass of left-wing "white votes" which would have put into question the whole democratic
legitimacy of the election. Under actual French legislation, nothing would have happened since abstentionists and neutral, blank, votes are
not tallied — Chirac wasn't elected with 82,21% support from the French population, but with 82,21% support from the people who went to vote
and didn't cast a neutral, white, vote.
National procedures
In the
United States Congress and many other legislatures, members may vote "present" rather than for or against a bill or resolution, which has the effect of an abstention.
In the
United Nations Security Council, representatives of the five countries holding a
veto power (including the
United States,
United Kingdom,
France,
Russia and the
People's Republic of China) sometimes abstain rather than vetoing a measure about which they're less than enthusiastic, particularly if the
measure otherwise has broad support; by convention their abstention doesn't block the measure, despite the wording of Article 27.3 of the
UN Charter. If a majority of members of the
United Nations General Assembly or one of its committees abstain on a measure, then the measure fails.
In the
Council of the European Union, an abstention on a matter decided by unanimity is in effect a
yes vote; on matters decided by
qualified majority it's in effect a
no vote.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Abstain'.
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